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- JANUARY
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- January 1
- Discovery of the Planetoids by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi (1801).
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- January 2
- Russia's Luna 1 launched to become the first spacecraft to pass close to the Moon (1959).
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- January 7
- Galileo discovered four satellites of Jupiter (1610).
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- January 8
- Died Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist, one of the founders of modern science (1642).
- Born Prof Stephen Hawking, mathematician and author of 'A Brief History Of Time' (1942).
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- January 13
- NASA selected its first women astronauts (1978).
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- January 20
- Born Edwin Aldrin, US astronaut (1930).
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- January 24
- Russian satellite fell out of orbit and crashed near Yellow Knife, Canada (1978).
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- January 27
- 3 US astronauts died when fire broke out aboard the Apollo spacecraft during tests (1967).
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- January 28
- US space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after lift off, killing all 7 of its crew (1986).
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- January 31
- First US satellite, Explorer I, discovered the Van Allen radiation belts (1958).
- Apollo 14 was launched on the moon mission from Cape Kennedy (1971).
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- FEBRUARY
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- February 3
- Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 reached the moon, sending back TV pictures (1966).
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- February 4
- Using a giant mirror in orbit, Russian scientists flashed a beam of sunlight across Europe (1993).
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- February 8
- US Skylab station returned to Earth after 85 days in space (1974).
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- February 15
- Born Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist (1564).
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- February 19
- Born Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer (1473).
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- February 20
- US astronaut John Glenn orbited Earth 3 times in his space capsule Friendship 7 (1962).
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- February 25
- The US spacecraft Pioneer 10 was launched on its journey to Jupiter (1972).
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- February 29
- First pulsar discovered by English astronomer Jocelyn Bell (1967).
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- MARCH
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- March 1
- Uncrewed Soviet spacecraft Venus 3 landed on Venus (1966).
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- March 3
- The Apollo 9 spacecraft was launched from Cape Kennedy (1969).
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- March 4
- Born Patrick Moore, astronomer and TV presenter (1923).
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- March 7
- Born Sir John Frederick William Herschel, astronomer (1792).
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- March 9
- Born Yuri Gagarin, Russian astronaut (1934).
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- March 13
- Comet Halley came to its perihelion, as predicted in 1682 (1758).
- Planet Uranus discovered by William Herschel, German-born British astronomer (1781).
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- March 16
- Soviet cosmonauts completed an orbit of 35 million miles (1978).
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- March 17
- Vanguard I spacecraft was launched at Cape Canaveral (1958).
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- March 18
- Planet Pluto discovered by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1930).
- First walk in space, by Soviet astronaut Alexei Leonov (1965).
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- March 19
- First recorded solar eclipse, Babylon (721BC).
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- March 20
- Died Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist (1727).
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- March 21
- The London Planetarium opened (1958).
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- March 29
- US spacecraft Mariner 10 to take close-up photographs of the planet Mercury (1974).
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- APRIL
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- April 1
- US launched Tiros I, the first weather satellite (1960).
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- April 6
- US launched Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite (1965).
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- April 12
- First recoverable and reusable spacecraft launched, the NASA space-shuttle Columbia (1981).
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- April 19
- First orbital space station, USSR Salyut 1, named after the Russian word meaning 'salute' (1971).
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- April 24
- First person killed in space research, V Komarov, when USSR Soyuz 1 crashed on Earth (1967).
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- MAY
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- May 5
- First person to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin, aboard spacecraft USSR Vostok I (1961).
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- May 16
- The Soviet spacecraft Venus 5 touched down on Venus (1969).
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- JUNE
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- June 3
- First US astronaut to walk in space, Ed White, spent 21 minutes outside Gemini 4 (1965).
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- June 8
- Born Giovanni Cassini, Italian-born French astronomer (1625).
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- June 16
- Valentina Tereshkova, aboard USSR Vostok 6, became the first woman in space (1963).
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- June 24
- Born Sir Fred Hoyle, astronomer and writer of science fiction (1915).
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- JULY
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- July 11
- US Skylab I space laboratory returned to Earth after 6 years in space (1979).
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- July 15
- US Mariner satellite transmitted the first close-up pictures of Mars (1965).
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- July 17
- US Apollo 18 and USSR Soyuz 19 spacecraft successfully docked while in orbit (1975).
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- July 20
- First men to walk on the moon, US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin (1969).
- After a journey of 11 months, US spacecraft Viking I made a landing on Mars (1975).
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- July 22
- Russian unmanned spacecraft Venera 8 made a soft landing on Venus (1972).
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- July 30
- TV transmission of pictures from Mars were sent back to Earth by US Mariner 6 spacecraft (1969).
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- July 31
- First drive on the moon by US astronauts David Scott and James Irwin (1971).
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- AUGUST
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- August 5
- Born Neil Armstrong, American astronaut (1930).
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- August 10
- US launched Orbiter I, their first lunar satellite (1966).
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- August 11
- The moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, discovered by US astronomer Asaph Hall (1877).
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- August 12
- US launched Echo, the world's first communications satellite (1969).
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- August 19
- Born John Flamsteed, first Astronomer Royal (1646).
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- August 25
- US space probe Voyager reached Neptune and revealed the existence of 2 additional moons (1989).
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- August 27
- The USSR launched Sputnik 3, carrying two dogs (1958).
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- SEPTEMBER
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- September 3
- US spacecraft Viking 2 landed on Mars and began sending pictures back to Earth (1976).
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- September 14
- First spacecraft to land on the moon, USSR Luna 2 (1959).
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- September 23
- Johann Galle, German astronomer, discovered the planet Neptune (1846).
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- OCTOBER
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- October 2
- First telescope demonstrated by the Dutch lens maker, Hans Lipperschey (1608).
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- October 4
- USSR launched Sputnik I, the first space satellite (1957).
- First close-up pictures of the moon were made from the Soviet Lunik III (1959).
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- October 7
- First photograph of the far side of the Moon transmitted from USSR Lunik III (1959).
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- October 11
- Apollo 7 spacecraft, with a crew of three, launched from Cape Kennedy (1968).
- USSR Salyut 6 returned to Earth, its cosmonauts had been in space for a record 185 days (1980).
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- October 14
- US Mariner 9 transmitted the first close-up TV pictures of Mars (1971).
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- October 29
- Born Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician (1656).
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- NOVEMBER
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- November 3
- Dog named Laika, first living animal from Earth in space, aboard USSR Sputnik II (1957).
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- November 12
- Died Percival Lowell, US astronomer (1916).
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- November 15
- Died Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, discover of laws governing planetary motion (1630).
- Born Sir William Herschel, astronomer (1738).
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- November 16
- USSR launched Venus III, an unmanned spacecraft which successfully landed on Venus (1965).
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- November 17
- USSR Luna 17 landed on the Moon and released the first moonwalker vehicle (1970).
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- November 19
- The lunar module from the US spacecraft Apollo 12 touched down on the moon (1969).
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- November 20
- Born Edwin Powell Hubble, American astronomer (1899).
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- DECEMBER
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- December 1
- The Isaac Newton Telescope was inaugurated at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (1967).
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- December 11
- 5th and last US landing on the moon by President Kennedy's Apollo space programme (1972).
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- December 14
- Born Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer and mathematician (1546).
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- December 21
- First manned flight around the moon took place when Apollo 8 was launched (1969).
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- December 25
- Born Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist (1642).
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- December 27
- Born Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571).
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- December 31
- Died John Flamsteed, first Astronomer Royal (1719).
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